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Wikipedia.

Source type: encyclopedia

Authors: Wikipedia

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Related Events:

• 22000BC: Mal'ta-Buret' culture west of Lake Baikal similar to coeval cultures of Western and Eastern Europe
• 14000BC: Giant Megaliths in Siberia Largest in the World
• 12500BC: Natufian culture of the Eastern Mediterranean; domestication of dogs
• 11000BC: Göbekli Tepe predates pottery, metallurgy, and the invention of writing or the wheel
• 10900BC: The Younger Dryas; sharp decline in temperature over most of the northern hemisphere
• 10900BC: Holocene extinction; The Sixth Extinction; Younger Dryas Impact Event
• 10900BC: Laacher See formed by a Plinian eruption; widespread destruction; two decades of environmental disruption
• 10900BC: The Younger Dryas; sharp decline in temperature over most of the northern hemisphere
• 10900BC: Holocene extinction; The Sixth Extinction; Younger Dryas Impact Event
• 10900BC: The Younger Dryas; sharp decline in temperature over most of the northern hemisphere
• 10900BC: Younger Dryas impact hypothesis; Clovis comet cause Holocene extinction, global cooling
• 10200BC: Mureybetian culture, Pre-Pottery Neolithic A, northern Syria; early agriculture, animal domestication
• 9100BC: The 11.1 kiloyear "Bond" event
• 9000BC: Karaca Dağ, eastern Turkey, site of first domestication of einkorn wheat
• 8700BC: Tell Aswad settlement, Syria, invented bricks, trade network, domesticated emmer wheat
• 8400BC: Nevalı Çori, Anatolia; temples and monumental sculpture; Einkorn wheat first domesticated; ceramic firing
• 8300BC: The 10.3 kiloyear "Bond" event
• 8000BC: Stonehenge complex early stages of development
• 7640BC^{± 100y} : Tollmann's hypothetical bolide impact event
• 7640BC^{± 100y} : Tollmann's hypothetical bolide impact event
• 7500BC: Çatalhöyük, southern Anatolia, proto-city, trade network
• 7500BC: Neolithic subpluvial wet period begins; wet and rainy N. Africa for 2K years
• 7400BC: The 9.4 kiloyear "Bond" Event
• 7250BC: 'Ain Ghazal Neolithic site near Amman, Jordan, settled
• 6850BC: Sesklo culture, Thessaly, Greece used advanced agriculture and made pottery
• 6300BC: Bug-Dniester culture, Moldavia and Ukraine
• 6200BC: The 8.2 kiloyear "Bond" event; Misox oscillation; Finse event; sudden decrease in global temperatures
• 6200BC: Starčevo–Kőrös–Criş culture, central and south central Europe, Romania to Serbia, Montenegro
• 6200BC: The 8.2 kiloyear "Bond" event; Misox oscillation; Finse event; sudden decrease in global temperatures
• 6000BC: Choga Mami, Samarran culture site, S. Iraq; first evidence of canal irrigation
• 6000BC: Cucuteni-Trypillian culture centered on modern-day Moldova with small villages to "vast settlements"
• 5700BC: Vinča culture, Balkans, earliest copper metallurgy
• 5500BC: Early metallurgy: copper smelting, Belovode, Serbia: Vinča culture
• 5500BC: Sumer: first urban civilization in Mesopotamia
• 5500BC: Dnieper–Donets culture, north of Black Sea, late Cro-Magnons contemporaneous with Samara culture, succeeded by Yamna
• 5400BC: Eridu: earliest city in southern Mesopotamia
• 5025BC: Samara culture, middle Volga; Dnieper-Donets culture
• 5025BC: Samara culture, middle Volga; Dnieper-Donets culture
• 5000BC: Khvalynsk on the Volga culture
• 5000BC: Uruk of Sumer; early state formation and urbanization
• 4350BC: Leyla-Tepe culture; S. Caucasus Azerbaijan; amphora burials
• 4000BC: Sredny Stog culture on the Dnieper river, origin of Indo-Europeans? Horse domestication, corded ware pottery
• 3950BC: Maykop culture W. Caucasus between Black Sea and Caspian; ties to the Iranian plateau and to South Central Asia
• 3900BC: The 5.9 kiloyear "Bond" event; intense aridification, cooling; triggered worldwide migrations
• 3900BC: The 5.9 kiloyear "Bond" event; intense aridification, cooling; triggered worldwide migrations
• 3600BC: Yamna or Yamnaya culture; Pit Grave Culture; Ochre Grave Culture, develops on the Pontic Steppes
• 3500BC: Afanasevo culture, south Siberia, Altai mountains, mixed Europoid, wheel, metals, Tarim mummies
• 3300BC: Egyptian hieroglyphs
• 3300BC: Indus Valley Civilisation; urban planning, metallurgy, wheeled transport, trade network, writing
• 3250BC: Piora Oscillation sudden cooling: volcanic eruption or a meteor or an asteroid impact event
• 3000BC: Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex civilisation of Central Asia; monumental structures; evidence of wheeled transport
• 2900BC: Corded Ware culture, Battle Axe Culture, Single Grave Culture; major north and central European culture from the Rhine to the Volga; related to Yamna
• 2800BC: Catacomb culture, Ukraine, corded ware pottery, polished battle axe, cranial deformation
• 2800BC: Bell-Beaker maritime culture, spread over Europe, emerged from the lower Rhine and North Sea regions
• 2600BC: Umm an-Nar culture in northern Oman and Abu Dhabi; beehive tombs with pottery vessels of Mesopotamian origin
• 2600BC: Cretan hieroglyphs, artefacts of Minoans
• 2500BC: Linear A writing system; Minoan language connected to Etruscan?
• 2400BC: Gutian people in Zagros mountains; pale in complexion and blonde; rapacious barbarians from east central Asia
• 2350BC: Akkadian Empire created by Sargon controlled Mesopotamia, the Levant, and parts of Iran
• 2300BC: Urukagina; first law code in recorded history
• 2300BC: Adverse Climate Changes in Egypt, dynasty collapse, severe famine, cannibalism
• 2300BC: Dust from unknown source
• 2300BC: Earthquakes, crustal movement, floods, Indus Valley
• 2300BC: Adverse Climate Changes in Egypt, dynasty collapse, severe famine, cannibalism
• 2300BC^{± 50y} : Adverse Climate Changes Mesopotamia/Iran
• 2300BC: Exodus event?
• 2214BC: Gutian dynasty of Sumer, destruction of Akkad
• 2200BC: The 4.2 kiloyear "Bond" event; aridification, cooling; empire collapse; cultural upheaval; mass migrations
• 2200BC: The 4.2 kiloyear "Bond" event; aridification, cooling; empire collapse; cultural upheaval; mass migrations
• 2181BC: First Intermediate Period of Egypt, Divided Egypt, famine, chaos
• 2112BC: Third Dynasty of Ur, Neo-Sumerian Empire, Law Code of Ur-Nammu
• 2112BC: Third Dynasty of Ur, Neo-Sumerian Empire, Law Code of Ur-Nammu
• 2100BC: Epic of Gilgamesh stories composed
• 2000BC: Andronovo culture in W. Siberia, W. Asiatic steppes; early Indo-Aryans/Iranians; Cimmerians and Saka/Scythians; Thracians
• 2000BC: Srubna culture; along the N. shore of Black Sea; precursors of Cimmerians?
• 1900BC: End of Harappan Civilization, floods, earthquakes
• 1806BC^{± 5y} : Ipuwer Papyrus, turmoil, arrival of the Asiatics
• 1800BC: Tarim mummies; tall, red-haired Europoids in W. China
• 1700BC: Trzciniec culture of Eastern Europe develops around Łódź; spread to parts of Poland and Western Ukraine; from Corded Ware culture
• 1686BC^{± 50y} : Early Divergent Strains of Yersinia pestis found in Kytmanovo, Russia
• 1650BC: Tempest Stele with meteorological data erected by Pharaoh Ahmose, dates eruption of Thera
• 1650BC^{± 5y} : Eruption of Thera, Collapse of Bronze Age Mediterranean civilization, Volcanic Winter around the World
• 1600BC: The Tumulus culture dominates Central Europe
• 1570BC: Kassites rule of Babylon
• 1500BC: Karasuk culture; Central Asian steppes; advanced, industrial metal workers
• 1500BC: Kingdom of Mitanni aristocracy shows Indo-Aryan roots
• 1500BC: Yaz culture; early Iranian culture as described in Avesta; sky burial
• 1450BC: Linear B: syllabic script used for writing Mycenaean Greek
• 1450BC: Kaskians, peoples living in mountainous Pontic Anatolia during Hittite times; unknown origins
• 1300BC: Urnfield Culture appears in Central Europe; grows out of Tumulus culture
• 1300BC: Lusatian culture of Eastern Europe develops from preceding Trzciniec culture
• 1280BC: Canegrate Culture, Northern Italy; first migratory wave of the proto-Celts
• 1274BC: Battle of Kadesh and subsequent peace treaty
• 1250BC: Bryges or Briges related to Phrygians, migrated to Balkans from Lausitz culture of Poland
• 1200BC^{± 25y} : Late Bronze Age collapse; almost every significant city in the eastern Mediterranean world destroyed
• 1190BC: Syrian Cities destroyed in conflagration during collapse of the Late Bronze Age
• 1190BC^{± 20y} : Cities of Anatolia destroyed during Late Bronze Age collapes; many never re-occupied
• 1190BC^{± 25y} : Mycenaean Greece perishes with the collapse of Bronze-Age culture in the eastern Mediterranean
• 1190BC: Syrian Cities destroyed in conflagration during collapse of the Late Bronze Age
• 1190BC: Cities of Cyprus destroyed during Late Bronze Age collapse
• 1189BC: Cities of the Levant destroyed by fire during Late Bronze Age collapse
• 1185BC: Areas in Mesopotamia that marginally survived Late Bronze Age collapse
• 1180BC: Phrygians appear in historical record; migrate from southern Balkans to Anatolia upon collapse of Hittite empire
• 1180BC: Mushki appear in historical record, migrating from the West, following collapse of Late Bronze Age
• 1180BC: Phrygians appear in historical record; migrate from southern Balkans to Anatolia upon collapse of Hittite empire
• 1180BC: Hattusas burned to the ground; Hittite kingdom vanishes from the historical record
• 1150BC: Collapse of the Terramare culture in northern Italy; settlements abandoned for several centuries
• 1114BC: Tiglath-Pileser I; made Assyria the leading power of the Middle East
• 1100BC: The Greek Dark Age following widespread collapse of Bronze Age civilization in the eastern Mediterranean
• 1100BC: Latins: Indo-Europeans migrated to Italy after collapse of Bronze Age
• 1100BC: Latins: Indo-Europeans migrated to Italy after collapse of Bronze Age
• 1070BC: Egyptian empire falls during Late Bronze Age collapse
• 1070BC: Egyptian empire falls during Late Bronze Age collapse
• 1021BC: Hekla 3 eruption causes 18 years of global cooling; tree ring and ice core evidence
• 1000BC: Ligures: earliest Indo-European speakers of the European West; direct descendants of Cro-Magnon?
• 1000BC: Ligures: earliest Indo-European speakers of the European West; direct descendants of Cro-Magnon?
• 1000BC: Ligures: earliest Indo-European speakers of the European West; direct descendants of Cro-Magnon?
• 1000BC: Ligures: earliest Indo-European speakers of the European West; direct descendants of Cro-Magnon?
• 950BC: Dorian invasion hypothesis becomes Dorian migration and settling after collapse of Bronze Age
• 900BC: Villanovan culture of central and northern Italy related to the Central European Urnfield culture
• 900BC: Golasecca culture, Northern Italy
• 900BC: Kingdom of Tabal; neo-Hittite, Luwian speaking, south central Anatolia
• 860BC: Urartu, Ararat, Vannic Kingdom, successor of the Late Bronze Age Hurrian state of Mitanni
• 800BC: Hallstatt culture becomes predominant Central European culture; spread to western Iberian peninsula, Britain, and Ireland
• 800BC: Tagar culture south Siberia; bronze-smelting; Scythian circle
• 771BC Mar. 28: Traditional Birth of Romulus, founder and King of Rome
• 763BC^{± 10y} : War with Fidenae and Veii under Romulus
• 753BC Apr. 21: Founding of Rome
• 753BC Apr. 21: Founding of Rome
• 753BC Apr. 21: Founding of Rome
• 753BC Apr. 21: Founding of Rome
• 753BC Apr. 21: Founding of Rome
• 750BC: Homer
• 747BC: Beginning of Babylonian Chronicles; first step in development of ancient historiography
• 747BC: Reign of Nabonassar, King of Babylon
• 747BC: Beginning of Babylonian Astronomical Diaries recording 21 years of instability of the orbit of Venus
• 745BC: Tiglath-Pileser III siezes Assyrian throne
• 722BC: Sargon II usurps throne - 17 years of war and mass death
• 717BC Jul. 5: Solar eclipse, Descending cloud, blasts of wind and rain, disappearance/ascent of Romulus
• 717BC Jul. 5: Solar eclipse, Descending cloud, blasts of wind and rain, disappearance/ascent of Romulus
• 715BC: Reign of Numa Pompilius, second King of Rome
• 707BC: "Shield" falls from the sky during pestilence
• 707BC: Numa Pompilius, pestilence
• 705BC: Reign of Sennacherib, king of Assyria
• 701BC: Siege of Lachish
• 701BC^{± 6y} : Assyrian Siege of Jerusalem; a calamity has come down from the Lord
• 701BC^{± 6y} : Assyrian Siege of Jerusalem; a calamity has come down from the Lord
• 700BC: Vestal Virgins; state supported priestesses
• 700BC: End of Villanovan, rise of Etruscan in Italy
• 680BC: Archilochus: earliest known Greek author to compose almost entirely on the theme of his own emotions and experiences
• 673BC: Reign of Tullus Hostilius, third King of Rome
• 663BC^{± 5y} : Second War with Fidenae and Veii, under Tullus Hostilius
• 657BC: Expulsion of the Bacchiadae from Corinth
• 642BC: Reign of Ancus Marcius, fourth King of Rome
• 640BC^{± 5m} : First Latin War; Rome against the Latins; people captured and made citizens of Rome
• 624BC: Thales of Miletus philosopher and mathematician, one of the Seven Sages of Greece
• 616BC: Reign of Lucius Tarquinius Priscus, Tarquin the Elder, fifth King of Rome
• 612BC: Fall of Nineveh, Assyrian Empire collapses
• 610BC: Anaximander
• 600BC: The 1.4 kiloyear "Bond" event; mass migration period
• 600BC: The 1.4 kiloyear "Bond" event; mass migration period
• 588BC^{± 2m} : Second Latin War; Rome acquires more territory
• 585BC: Anaximenes of Miletus
• 584BC May 28: First predicted solar eclipse, Thales of Miletus
• 580BC: Battle of the Sagra: Apparition of the Dioscuri
• 571BC Nov. 25: War with Veii and the Etruscans, under Servius Tullius
• 570BC: Xenophanes
• 570BC: Pythagoras
• 557BC May 19: Solar eclipse, Cyrus the Great captures Larissa
• 550BC: Lepontic Language
• 535BC: Heraclitus of Ephesus
• 522BC: Pindar
• 519BC: Cincinnatus, patrician opponent of justice and equality under the law
• 515BC: Parmenides of Elea
• 509BC: War with Veii and Tarquinii, after the overthrow of the monarchy in 509 BC
• 509BC: Horatius Cocles defends Rome at the Sublicius bridge against Etruscans, Lars Porsenna
• 508BC: War with Etruscan Clusium; siege of Rome
• 508BC: Lars Porsena War between Clusium and Aricia; Rome acquires survivors as citizens
• 508BC: Lars Porsena War between Clusium and Aricia; Rome acquires survivors as citizens
• 505BC: War between Rome and the Sabines/Etruscans
• 503BC: The Pometian revolt against Rome
• 501BC: Titus Lartius first Roman dictator
• 500BC: La Tène culture develops from Iron Age Hallstatt culture; Celtoi, Galli; expands to Hispania, Italy, the Balkans, Asia Minor
• 499BC^{± 4y} : Battle of Lake Regillus; thirty cities revolt against Rome
• 499BC^{± 4y} : Battle of Lake Regillus; thirty cities revolt against Rome
• 495BC: Conflict of the Orders develops; political struggle between the Plebeians (commoners) and Patricians (aristocrats)
• 495BC: Volscian invasion; Rome's plebs refuse to fight without reforms and debt relief
• 495BC: Conflict of the Orders develops; political struggle between the Plebeians (commoners) and Patricians (aristocrats)
• 495BC: Volscian invasion; Rome's plebs refuse to fight without reforms and debt relief
• 495BC: Conflict of the Orders develops; political struggle between the Plebeians (commoners) and Patricians (aristocrats)
• 494BC: Agitation of impoverished plebs; Titus Lartius unsuccessfully advocated measures to relieve the plebs from the burdens of debt
• 494BC Dec.: First Secession of the Plebs due to extreme debt and wealth/political inequality
• 493BC: Plebeian Council's authority recognized by Patricians (unwillingly)
• 493BC: Foedus Cassianum, military alliance between the Latin cities with Rome
• 492BC: First Persian Invasion of Greece
• 491BC: Gaius Marcius Coriolanus defects to the Volscii after enraging the patricians and plebeians
• 490BC: Empedocles formulates 4 elements and 2 powers of the cosmos
• 490BC: Zeno of Elea
• 490BC Sep. 12^{± 30d} : Battle of Marathon
• 490BC: Protagoras, first relativist
• 486BC: Spurius Cassius Viscellinus authored agrarian law; accused of pandering to the masses and seeking kingship; executed
• 484BC: Herodotus
• 483BC: Following a series of portents the vestal virgin Oppia/Opimia was found guilty of a breach of chastity; buried alive
• 483BC: The Fabian war with Veii
• 480BC Sep.: Battle of Salamis between Persians and Greeks; Xerxes, Themistocles,
• 480BC (Spr.): Second Persian Invasion of Greece
• 480BC Aug. 13: Battle of Artemisium: 1/3 of Persian fleet destroyed by 3 day storm
• 480BC: Leucippus
• 479BC Aug.: Battle of Plataea
• 477BC: Battle of the Cremera; 306 men of the Fabii gens sacrificed by the Veientes.
• 471BC: Change in law of tribune elections to eliminate aristocratic manipulation
• 470BC: Socrates
• 466BC^{± 1y} : Meteorite falls at Aegospotami while bright comet is passing; Halley
• 462BC: Gaius Terentilius Harsa, plebeian tribune and advocate of formal law code for all
• 460BC: Democritus, philosopher
• 460BC: Riots in Rome over constitutional reforms, abuses of the aristocracy; exile of Caeso Quinctius
• 450BC: Second Secession of the Plebs due to abuse of power by the decemviri; demanded restoration of plebeian tribune power and right of appeal
• 449BC: Herodotus Writes The Histories
• 449BC: Kidnapping and death of Verginia and overthrow of the decemviri
• 446BC: Marcus Furius Camillus: longest-reigning Roman dictator until Sulla and Caesar; passed Lex Licinia under pressure
• 445BC: Third Secession of the Plebs demanding rights to consulship and marriage between patricians and plebeians: Lex de conubio patrum et plebis
• 445BC: Third Secession of the Plebs demanding rights to consulship and marriage between patricians and plebeians: Lex de conubio patrum et plebis
• 440BC: Heraclitus, Early Stoicism
• 439BC: Spurius Maelius, advocate for the people, falsely accused and assassinated by Gaius Servilius Ahala
• 437BC: King of Veii executes Roman envoys; Aulus Cornelius Cossus kills him in single combat
• 430BC: Xenophon
• 428BC: Plato
• 413BC Aug. 27: Lunar eclipse caused Nicias to delay abandoning the siege of Syracuse leading to destruction of Athenian forces
• 413BC Sep. 13: Escaping Athenians caught in torrential rain and massacred; End of the Sicilian Expedition
• 405BC: Battle of Aegospotami, obliteration of Athenian navy, end of Peloponnesian War
• 404BC (Win.): Heavy snowstorm associated with the Battle of Phyle
• 399BC: First lectisternum held in Rome - banquest to appease the gods
• 397BC: Siege of Syracuse by Carthaginians
• 390BC^{± 3y} : Gallic invasion of Rome, Battle of the Allia
• 389BC: Etruscans, the Volsci and the Aequi unite against Rome: Marcus Furius Camillus dictator
• 386BC: Defection of the Latins from Rome, Volscians help the Antiates invade the Pomptine territory
• 384BC: Marcus Manlius Capitolinus martyred - thrown off the Tarpeian Rock - for trying to help the poor
• 383BC: Pestilence in Rome
• 382BC: War between Rome and Praeneste
• 381BC: Roman annexation of Tusculum
• 381BC: M. Furius Camillus' victory at Satricum
• 380BC: Dictatorship of T. Quinctius Cincinnatus; capture of Praeneste and nine towns
• 380BC: Dictatorship of T. Quinctius Cincinnatus; capture of Praeneste and nine towns
• 378BC: Invasion of Volscii; revolt of plebs against patricians in Rome; Romans plunder Volscii territory
• 377BC: Battle of Satricum interrupted by severe rainstorm
• 377BC: Defeat of Antium and destruction of Satricum
• 377BC: Voice heard from temple of Mater Matuta during burning of Satricum
• 375BC^{± 5y} : Period of anarchy in Rome
• 367BC: Lex Licinia Sextia passed to modify Roman patrician monopoly on power; abolish all forms of discrimination against the plebeians
• 367BC: Lex Licinia Sextia passed to modify Roman patrician monopoly on power; abolish all forms of discrimination against the plebeians
• 365BC: Deadly pestilence strikes Rome killing many important people including Camillus
• 361BC: Titus Manlius Torquatus single combat with gigantic Gaul - David and Goliath type story
• 360BC: Rome defeats coalition of Tiburtes and Gauls; Q. Servilius Ahala allegedly appointed dictator
• 359BC: War with Tarquinii, Falerii and Caere; 307 Romans sacrificed by the Tarquinienses
• 358BC: Renewal of treaty between Rome and the Latins; invasion by Gauls; C. Sulpicius Peticus appointed dictator, defeats Gauls
• 357BC: Privernum and Velitrae raid Roman territory; Gaius Marcius Rutilus defends successfully
• 356BC Jul. 20: Alexander III of Macedon, the Great
• 354BC: End of the early Latin Wars; Rome prevails
• 350BC: Diocles of Peparethus, author of earliest known Roman history
• 346BC: Second Defeat of Antium and destruction of Satricum
• 345BC: Timaeus of Tauromenium
• 345BC: Romans capture Volscian town, Sora
• 343BC: First Samnite War
• 341BC: Epicurus
• 340BC: Latin War, Battle of Vesuvius, duel of Titus Manlius, Devotio of Decius Mus
• 340BC: Latin War, Battle of Vesuvius, duel of Titus Manlius, Devotio of Decius Mus
• 340BC: Latin War, Battle of Vesuvius, duel of Titus Manlius, Devotio of Decius Mus
• 334BC: Zeno of Citium, founder of Stoicism
• 332BC: Alexander's Siege of Tyre
• 331BC Oct. 1: Battle of Arbela or Gaugamela, death of Darius, end of Persian Empire
• 326BC: Second Samnite War, Roman expansion
• 321BC: Battle of the Caudine Forks, humiliation of the Romans by Samnites
• 316BC: Arcesilaus, founder of the Middle Academy and Academic skepticism; opposed Stoics
• 310BC: Callimachus, catalogued the library at Alexandria
• 310BC: Apollonius of Rhodes, author of the Argonautica, librarian at Alexandria, Homeric scholar
• 310BC: Battle of Lake Vadimo; Romans vs. Etruscans; Rome acquires more territory
• 305BC: Battle of Bovianum, end of second Samnite War, Rome acquires more territory
• 300BC: Aristo of Chios, stoic and companion of Zeno of Citium
• 299BC: Valerian law allowed a Roman citizen, condemned by a magistrate to death or scourging, the right of appeal to the people
• 298BC: Etruscans and Gauls invade Rome, Battle of Volterra
• 298BC: Third Samnite War, peoples of Italy unite against Rome
• 293BC: Battle of Aquilonia; Romans vs. Samnites
• 291BC: Capture and colonization of Venusia by Romans
• 289BC: Archimedes: mathematician, physicist, engineer, inventor, and astronomer
• 287BC: Lex Hortensia final result of the long class struggle between patricians and plebeians
• 287BC: Lex Hortensia final result of the long class struggle between patricians and plebeians
• 280BC May: Pyrrhic War
• 280BC: Fabius Maximus Cunctator: father of guerrilla warfare; five times consul, two times dictator
• 279BC: Gallic invasion of Greece, Battle of Thermopylae
• 279BC (Win.): Earthquake during Gallic invasion of Greece; thunderbolts and rocks fall from Parnassus
• 278BC: Ptolemy III Euergetes, first known example of decrees published as bilingual inscriptions, invented leap years, builder of the Serapeum, expanded the Alexandrian library
• 277BC: Gallic army destroyed by furies and ghosts; Battle of Lysimachia
• 276BC: Eratosthenes of Cyrene
• 270BC: Quintus Fabius Pictor, earliest Roman historian
• 268BC: Marcus Claudius Marcellus, five times consul; Gallic War, Punic War, killed Viridomarus in single combat; responsible for death of Archimedes
• 264BC: First Punic War
• 262BC: Ptolemy IV Philopator, builder of largest human-powered vessel ever built, major antagonist of 3 Maccabees
• 247BC: Hannibal: one of the greatest military commanders in history
• 238BC: Philip V of Macedon
• 236BC: Scipio Africanus: never lost a battle; first Roman general to expand Roman territories outside Italy; hated by Cato the Elder; grandfather of the Gracchi
• 234BC: Cato the Elder
• 233BC: Manius Acilius Glabrio (consul 191 BC): defeated Antiochus III at the Battle of Thermopylae
• 230BC: Aemilia Tertia AKA Aemilia Paulla; grandmother of the Gracchi, great grandmother of Fulvia
• 226BC^{± 5y} : Eruption of Methana volcano, Greece
• 222BC: Reign of Antiochus III the Great
• 218BC: Hannibal crosses the Alps into Italy: Battle of Ticinus
• 218BC: Second Punic War
• 218BC Dec. 21: Battle of the Trebia, Roman army massacred by Hannibal
• 217BC Jun. 24: Battle of Lake Trasimene; Hannibal massacres Roman army
• 217BC Jun. 22: Battle of Raphia: Ptolemy IV Philopator of Egypt vs Antiochus III; one of the largest battles of the ancient world
• 216BC Aug. 2: Battle of Cannae, Roman army massacred by Hannibal
• 216BC: Lucius Aemilius Paullus (consul 219, 216 BC):shared command with Varro at the Battle of Cannae, killed in battle
• 215BC: Lex Oppia: law against luxury and extravagance also oppression of women's rights to property and dress
• 214BC: Siege of Syracuse, Death of Archimedes
• 214BC: First Macedonian War
• 207BC: Battle of Metaurus: Gaius Claudius Nero (consul 207 BC) & Marcus Livius Salinator defeated (and killed) Hasdrubal
• 207BC: Battle of Metaurus: Gaius Claudius Nero (consul 207 BC) & Marcus Livius Salinator defeated (and killed) Hasdrubal
• 204BC: Reign of Ptolemy V Epiphanes; Rosetta Stone
• 202BC Oct. 19: Battle of Zama, Scipio Africanus vs Hannibal
• 200BC: Eratosthenes of Cyrene accurately calculates the circumference of the Earth
• 200BC: Second Macedonian War fought between Philip V of Macedon, and Rome
• 199BC: Lex Porcia I: extended the right to provocatio (appeal) to locations outside of Rome
• 196BC: Second Macedonian War
• 195BC: Repeal of Lex Oppia after mass demonstrations by the women of Rome
• 195BC: Lex Porcia II: right of Roman citizen to appeal a sentence of flogging
• 192BC: Roman-Seleucid War, Treaty of Apamea
• 192BC: Roman-Seleucid War, Treaty of Apamea
• 191BC: Lex Acilia de intercalando: authorized the pontifices to decree an intercalary period in order to prevent seasonal drift
• 191BC: Battle of Thermopylae: Rome vs. Antiochus III
• 190BC: Battle of Magnesia: Rome vs Antiochus III
• 185BC: Scipio Aemilianus: destroyer of Carthage, opponent of the Gracchi, murder victim
• 184BC: Lex Porcia III: severe penalties for magistrates who refuse to grant provocatio (appeal)
• 171BC: Third Macedonian War between Rome and King Perseus of Macedon
• 171BC: Third Macedonian War between Rome and King Perseus of Macedon
• 168BC Jun. 22: Battle of Pydna: Lucius Aemilius Paullus and Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica Corculum against Perseus of Macedon
• 168BC Jun. 22: Battle of Pydna: Lucius Aemilius Paullus and Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica Corculum against Perseus of Macedon
• 160BC: Mnesarchus of Athens; leader of the Stoic school
• 157BC: Gaius Marius, general, consul, uncle and role model of Julius Caesar
• 146BC (Spr.): Third Punic War, Siege of Carthage
• 146BC: Complete destruction of the city of Carthage by Scipio Aemilianus; Rome flooded with slaves
• 146BC: Destruction of Corinth
• 143BC: Heavy snowfall in Syria/Palestine during Maccabean Revolt
• 135BC: Mithridates VI of Pontus
• 135BC: Eunus and the First Servile War against Rome
• 135BC: Eunus and the First Servile War against Rome
• 133BC: Optimates and Populares solidify their positions in respect of the Gracchi
• 133BC: Murder of Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus: sought agrarian reforms to transfer wealth from the wealthy, patricians and otherwise, to the poor.
• 133BC: Murder of Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus: sought agrarian reforms to transfer wealth from the wealthy, patricians and otherwise, to the poor.
• 133BC: Optimates and Populares solidify their positions in respect of the Gracchi
• 132BC: Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica Serapio: murdered his cousin, Tiberius Gracchus; himself murdered by supporters of the Gracchi
• 125BC: Antiochus of Ascalon; Middle Platonism
• 121BC: Lucius Opimius (consul 121 BC) ordered the extralegal executions of 3000 supporters of Gaius Gracchus
• 121BC: Gaius Sempronius Gracchus murdered by Roman Senate
• 121BC: Death of Marcus Fulvius Flaccus (consul 125 BC): ally of the Gracchi
• 120BC: Aurelia Cotta, mother of Julius Caesar; ideal Roman matron
• 120BC^{± 6y} : The Cymbrian Flood; Jutland penninsula
• 120BC: Establishment of senatus consultum ultimum in Roman constitutional practice; tool used for oppression
• 118BC: Lucius Licinius Lucullus; fought Third Mithridatic War; gastronome, "Xerxes in a toga"
• 116BC: Marcus Terentius Varro Reatinus; the most learned of the Romans; Varronian chronology
• 115BC: Thunderbolt strikes temple of Juno during consulship of Marcus Aemilius Scaurus
• 114BC^{± 1y} : Vestal Virgins Aemilia, Licinia, and Martia buried alive for unchastity
• 112BC: Jugurthine War
• 110BC: Titus Pomponius Atticus; friend, correspondent, and publisher of Cicero
• 105BC Oct. 6: Battle of Arausio: catastrophic loss of entire Roman army caused by Quintus Servilius Caepio
• 105BC: Quintus Servilius Caepio plunders the temples of Tolosa and then loses entire Roman army in Battle of Arausio
• 104BC: Second Servile War; Gaius Marius
• 104BC: Servilia Caepionis: mistress of Julius Caesar, mother of Brutus, half-sister of Cato the Younger
• 102BC: Battle of Aquae Sextiae
• 101BC: Battle of Vercellae
• 100BC: Saturninus: popularist reformer proposes land reform using Tolosan gold; murdered by mob of aristocrats
• 100BC Dec.: Gaius Memmius "a man fiercely hostile to the power of the nobles" murdered during consular elections
• 100BC: Early compositions of Jewish Sibylline Oracles in Alexandria
• 100BC Jul. 12^{± 2y} : Gaius Julius Caesar, Birth, GJC Era
• 100BC: Saturninus: popularist reformer proposes land reform using Tolosan gold; murdered by mob of aristocrats
• 100BC^{± 10y} : Marcus Aemilius Scaurus (praetor 56 BC); massacres in Judea mentioned in the Dead Sea scrolls
• 95BC: Lex Licinia Mucia passed ejecting non-citizens from Rome or prosecuting 'false citizens'; triggered Social War
• 95BC^{± 5y} : Mucia Tertia: wife of Gaius Marius minor, Pompeius Magnus, Marcus Aemilius Scaurus; mother of Sextus Pompeius
• 95BC: Lex Licinia Mucia passed ejecting non-citizens from Rome or prosecuting 'false citizens'; triggered Social War
• 91BC (Spr.): Roman Social War (91–88 BC)
• 89BC: First Mithridatic War; Kingdom of Pontus and many Greek cities rebelled against Rome
• 88BC: Sulla's First Civil War
• 88BC May: Massacre of Romans & Italici in Asia by Mithridates
• 87BC: Marcus Antonius (consul 99 BC); executed by Marius and Cinna
• 86BC Feb. 12: Sulla's siege of Athens
• 86BC: Lucius Cornelius Cinna: Domination of Cinna
• 86BC: Battle of Chaeronea; Sulla over Archelaus
• 85BC: Battle of Orchomenus; Sulla over Archelaus; Sulla's settlement
• 85BC: Battle of Orchomenus; Sulla over Archelaus; Sulla's settlement
• 83BC: Battle of Mount Tifata; First Roman Civil War
• 83BC: Rebellion in Spain: Quintus Sertorius, popularist general
• 82BC Nov.: Battle of the Colline Gate; Samnites and Populares slaughtered by Sulla
• 82BC: Sulla's second civil war
• 82BC: Proscriptions of Sulla
• 82BC: Civil war: Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix, dictator of Rome
• 82BC: Marcus Marius Gratidianus: popularist reformer and human sacrifice martyr during Sullan proscriptions
• 81BC: Sulla's dictatorship and reforms
• 78BC: Marcus Aemilius Lepidus (consul 78 BC), turned against Sulla and became Popularist rebel and revolutionary
• 76BC: In the western sky, comet with a terrible glare during the consulship of Gnaeus Octavius
• 73BC: Third Mithridatic War; Rome vs Mithridates VI
• 73BC: Fabia, chief Vestal acquitted of incestum with Lucius Sergius Catilina.
• 66BC: Gaius Licinius Macer: annalist, people's rights activist; defamed, prosecuted and ruined by Cicero, commits suicide
• 64BC: Titus Livius, historian of Rome
• 64BC: Lucius Julius Caesar, consul 64 BC; cousin and supporter of Julius Caesar; tried Gaius Rabirius
• 63BC Mar.: The trial of Gaius Rabirius (senator): involved in the death of Lucius Appuleius Saturninus
• 63BC Jan.: Marcus Tullius Cicero takes up his consulship
• 63BC Jan.: Marcus Tullius Cicero takes up his consulship
• 63BC: Junia Tertia born, daughter of Julius Caesar? Wife of assassin Gaius Cassius Longinus
• 63BC Mar.: The trial of Gaius Rabirius (senator): involved in the death of Lucius Appuleius Saturninus
• 63BC Dec. 5: Publius Cornelius Lentulus Sura: executed by Cicero as a "Catilinarian Conspirator"
• 63BC Sep. 23: Birth of Gaius Octavius, future 1st emperor of Rome; Imperātor Caesar Dīvī Fīlius Augustus
• 62BC Jan.: Lucius Sergius Catilina killed at the Battle of Pistoria
• 62BC Jan.: Lucius Sergius Catilina killed at the Battle of Pistoria
• 60BC: Lucius Afranius, consul 60 BC
• 60BC: Quintus Metellus Celer, consul 60 BC; Gaius Asinius Pollio, dated the start of the Civil Wars to this year
• 59BC: Calpurnia Piso, marries Julius Caesar
• 59BC: Clodia Metelli Quadrantaria; sister of Publius Clodius Pulcher, enemy of Cicero; suspected of poisoning her husband, Metellus Celer
• 59BC: Gaius Antonius Hybrida (the monster) co-consul with Cicero; prosecuted and exiled for taking part in the Catilinarian conspiracy
• 58BC: Lucius Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus, consul 58 BC, father-in-law of Julius Caesar
• 57BC: Aulus Gabinius, (consul 58 BC) proconsul of Syria (57 BC); supporter of both Pompey and Caesar
• 53BC: Marcus Licinius Crassus: wealthiest man in Roman history; patron of Julius Caesar; defeated and killed by Parthians
• 52BC: Assassination of Popularist Publius Clodius Pulcher by Milo; mob violence overtakes Rome; Pompey takes charge
• 52BC (Spr.): Battle of Gergovia: Julius Caesar vs Vercingetorix; the Gauls won
• 52BC Sep.: Vercingetorix defeated at the battle of Alesia
• 52BC Jan. 18: Titus Annius Milo Papianus murders Clodius triggering anarchy in Rome
• 52BC: Fulvia: first Roman non-mythological woman to appear on Roman coins; appears in records at death of Clodius, her 1st husband
• 51BC: Marcus Claudius Marcellus, consul 51 BC, optimate; urged extreme measures against Caesar; had a senator of Comum scourged
• 51BC: Servius Sulpicius Rufus, consul 51 BC; opposed Caesar, later honored by Caesar
• 50BC: Lucius Aemilius Lepidus Paullus (consul 50 BC); destroyed the temples of Isis and Serapis by Senate decree
• 50BC: It rained wool in the vicinity of Compsa Castle; rained bricks
• 50BC: Gaius Claudius Marcellus Minor, consul 50 BC, opposed Caesar; was later pardoned
• 49BC: Gaius Claudius Marcellus Maior, consul 49 BC, opponent of Caesar; started civil war; fled Rome with Pompeius
• 49BC: Lucius Cornelius Lentulus Crus, consul 49 BC, triggered civil war; fled Rome
• 49BC: Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Cornelianus Scipio Nasica: 'personally despicable... politically reactionary'; triggered war with Caesar
• 49BC: Gaius Scribonius Curio defeated by Juba, along with aid from Attius Varus, at the Second Battle of the Bagradas River
• 49BC: Death of Curio, supporter of Caesar, husband of Fulvia
• 49BC: Titus Labienus, traitor to Caesar
• 48BC: Battle of Ruspina: Caesar vs. Titus Labienus, the traitor
• 48BC Sep. 29: Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus murdered by servants of Ptolemy XIII
• 48BC Sep. 29: Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus murdered by servants of Ptolemy XIII
• 48BC: Death of Milo, murderer of Clodius; at Compsa Castle, site of prodigies the previous years
• 48BC: Death of Marcus Caelius Rufus in rebellion against Caesar
• 48BC Aug. 9: Battle of Pharsalus; Julius Caesar defeats Pompeius Magnus
• 47BC^{± 1y} : Terentia, wife of Cicero, divorces him possibly because she was a supporter of Caesar
• 46BC Apr.: Death of Cato the Younger, sworn enemy of Caesar
• 46BC Feb. 7: Battle of Thapsus: Caesar vs Optimates/Metellus Scipio
• 45BC: Caecilia Metella wife of Publius Cornelius Lentulus Spinther; affair with Publius Cornelius Dolabella; divorce scandal
• 45BC: Porcia Catonis, daughter of Cato the Younger, marries Brutus the assassin
• 45BC Apr. 12: Death of Gnaeus Pompeius the younger; executed by Lucius Caesennius Lento for treason
• 45BC Mar. 17: Battle of Munda; Caesar fights for his life among the ranks
• 45BC: Claudia Pulchra Major, first wife of Brutus, divorced by him to marry Porcia Catonis
• 44BC Mar. 13: Assassination of Julius Caesar, the archetypal model of the passion of Jesus Christ
• 43BC: Servius Sulpicius Galba, friend, legate and assassin of Julius Caesar; condemned by Pedian law
• 43BC: Lucius Cornelius Balbus minor; served under Julius Caesar; 43 BC quaestor to Asinius Pollio
• 42BC: Servilius Casca, one of Caesar's assassins
• 42BC Oct. 23: Suicide death of Marcus Junius Brutus the Younger, leading assassin of Julius Caesar
• 42BC Oct. 3: Death of Gaius Cassius Longinus: leader of the assassination plot against Julius Caesar
• 40BC: Publius Ventidius Bassus; protege of Caesar; defeated Quintus Labienus and the Parthians
• 40BC: Gaius Asinius Pollio, consul 40 BC; friend of Caesar and Antony; historian, literary patron
• 39BC: Death of Quintus Labienus: traitor to Caesar and to Rome
• 35BC: Sextus Pompeius Magnus Pius: executed without trial by order of Antony via Marcus Titius
• 31BC Sep. 2: Battle of Actium
• 30BC Aug. 12: Death of Cleopatra VII Philopator, Queen of Egypt, mistress/wife of Marcus Antonius
• 30BC Aug. 1: Death of Marcus Antonius, supporter of Julius Caesar
• 29BC: A pestilential disease carries off the greatest part of the multitude
• 24BC^{± 1y} : Famine in Syria: People eat many things that did not used to be eaten
• 13BC: Death of Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, supporter of Caesar, triumvir with Antony and Octavian
• 14AD Aug. 19: Death of Augustus
• 250AD: War between Emperor Decius' Romans and the Goths around Philippopolis
• 250AD: War between Emperor Decius' Romans and the Goths around Philippopolis
• 394AD: College of the Vestals was disbanded and the sacred fire extinguished
• 546AD Dec. 17: Sack of Rome by Totila
• 630AD: Many Northern Italian cities are destroyed and razed
• 636AD Aug. 15^{± 6d} : Before the Battle of Yarmouk, 52.000 in the army of Heraclius die "by the sword of God"
• 642AD^{± 1y} : Chalon is burnt to the ground

The QFG Historical Database is a research project undertaken by Quantum Future Group Inc. (in short "QFG") under the supervision of senior executive editor Laura Knight-Jadczyk with an international group of editorial assistants.

The project's main effort is to survey ancient and modern texts and to extract excerpts describing various relevant events for analysis and mapping.

This database, The Chronicle of the Fall of the Roman Empire (in short "QFG:COF" ) focuses on a chronological and categorized collection of various environmental and social events that accompanied the Fall of the Roman Empire.

Please view our Legal Notice before you make use of this Database.

See also our Credits page for info on data we are building upon.

Contact:

admin@quantumfuturegroup.org