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- 22000BC: Mal'ta-Buret' culture west of Lake Baikal similar to coeval cultures of Western and Eastern Europe
- 14000BC: Giant Megaliths in Siberia Largest in the World
- 12500BC: Natufian culture of the Eastern Mediterranean; domestication of dogs
- 11000BC: Göbekli Tepe predates pottery, metallurgy, and the invention of writing or the wheel
- 10900BC: The Younger Dryas; sharp decline in temperature over most of the northern hemisphere
- 10900BC: Holocene extinction; The Sixth Extinction; Younger Dryas Impact Event
- 10900BC: Laacher See formed by a Plinian eruption; widespread destruction; two decades of environmental disruption
- 10900BC: The Younger Dryas; sharp decline in temperature over most of the northern hemisphere
- 10900BC: The Younger Dryas; sharp decline in temperature over most of the northern hemisphere
- 10900BC: Younger Dryas impact hypothesis; Clovis comet cause Holocene extinction, global cooling
- 10900BC: Holocene extinction; The Sixth Extinction; Younger Dryas Impact Event
- 10200BC: Mureybetian culture, Pre-Pottery Neolithic A, northern Syria; early agriculture, animal domestication
- 9100BC: The 11.1 kiloyear "Bond" event
- 9000BC: Karaca Dağ, eastern Turkey, site of first domestication of einkorn wheat
- 8700BC: Tell Aswad settlement, Syria, invented bricks, trade network, domesticated emmer wheat
- 8400BC: Nevalı Çori, Anatolia; temples and monumental sculpture; Einkorn wheat first domesticated; ceramic firing
- 8300BC: The 10.3 kiloyear "Bond" event
- 8000BC: Stonehenge complex early stages of development
- 7640BC± 100y : Tollmann's hypothetical bolide impact event
- 7640BC± 100y : Tollmann's hypothetical bolide impact event
- 7500BC: Neolithic subpluvial wet period begins; wet and rainy N. Africa for 2K years
- 7500BC: Çatalhöyük, southern Anatolia, proto-city, trade network
- 7400BC: The 9.4 kiloyear "Bond" Event
- 7250BC: 'Ain Ghazal Neolithic site near Amman, Jordan, settled
- 6850BC: Sesklo culture, Thessaly, Greece used advanced agriculture and made pottery
- 6300BC: Bug-Dniester culture, Moldavia and Ukraine
- 6200BC: Starčevo–Kőrös–Criş culture, central and south central Europe, Romania to Serbia, Montenegro
- 6200BC: The 8.2 kiloyear "Bond" event; Misox oscillation; Finse event; sudden decrease in global temperatures
- 6200BC: The 8.2 kiloyear "Bond" event; Misox oscillation; Finse event; sudden decrease in global temperatures
- 6000BC: Cucuteni-Trypillian culture centered on modern-day Moldova with small villages to "vast settlements"
- 6000BC: Choga Mami, Samarran culture site, S. Iraq; first evidence of canal irrigation
- 5700BC: Vinča culture, Balkans, earliest copper metallurgy
- 5500BC: Early metallurgy: copper smelting, Belovode, Serbia: Vinča culture
- 5500BC: Sumer: first urban civilization in Mesopotamia
- 5500BC: Dnieper–Donets culture, north of Black Sea, late Cro-Magnons contemporaneous with Samara culture, succeeded by Yamna
- 5400BC: Eridu: earliest city in southern Mesopotamia
- 5025BC: Samara culture, middle Volga; Dnieper-Donets culture
- 5025BC: Samara culture, middle Volga; Dnieper-Donets culture
- 5000BC: Khvalynsk on the Volga culture
- 5000BC: Uruk of Sumer; early state formation and urbanization
- 4350BC: Leyla-Tepe culture; S. Caucasus Azerbaijan; amphora burials
- 4000BC: Sredny Stog culture on the Dnieper river, origin of Indo-Europeans? Horse domestication, corded ware pottery
- 3950BC: Maykop culture W. Caucasus between Black Sea and Caspian; ties to the Iranian plateau and to South Central Asia
- 3900BC: The 5.9 kiloyear "Bond" event; intense aridification, cooling; triggered worldwide migrations
- 3900BC: The 5.9 kiloyear "Bond" event; intense aridification, cooling; triggered worldwide migrations
- 3600BC: Yamna or Yamnaya culture; Pit Grave Culture; Ochre Grave Culture, develops on the Pontic Steppes
- 3500BC: Afanasevo culture, south Siberia, Altai mountains, mixed Europoid, wheel, metals, Tarim mummies
- 3300BC: Indus Valley Civilisation; urban planning, metallurgy, wheeled transport, trade network, writing
- 3300BC: Egyptian hieroglyphs
- 3250BC: Piora Oscillation sudden cooling: volcanic eruption or a meteor or an asteroid impact event
- 3000BC: Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex civilisation of Central Asia; monumental structures; evidence of wheeled transport
- 2900BC: Corded Ware culture, Battle Axe Culture, Single Grave Culture; major north and central European culture from the Rhine to the Volga; related to Yamna
- 2800BC: Bell-Beaker maritime culture, spread over Europe, emerged from the lower Rhine and North Sea regions
- 2800BC: Catacomb culture, Ukraine, corded ware pottery, polished battle axe, cranial deformation
- 2600BC: Cretan hieroglyphs, artefacts of Minoans
- 2600BC: Umm an-Nar culture in northern Oman and Abu Dhabi; beehive tombs with pottery vessels of Mesopotamian origin
- 2500BC: Linear A writing system; Minoan language connected to Etruscan?
- 2400BC: Gutian people in Zagros mountains; pale in complexion and blonde; rapacious barbarians from east central Asia
- 2350BC: Akkadian Empire created by Sargon controlled Mesopotamia, the Levant, and parts of Iran
- 2300BC: Adverse Climate Changes in Egypt, dynasty collapse, severe famine, cannibalism
- 2300BC: Urukagina; first law code in recorded history
- 2300BC± 50y : Adverse Climate Changes Mesopotamia/Iran
- 2300BC: Dust from unknown source
- 2300BC: Adverse Climate Changes in Egypt, dynasty collapse, severe famine, cannibalism
- 2300BC: Earthquakes, crustal movement, floods, Indus Valley
- 2300BC: Exodus event?
- 2214BC: Gutian dynasty of Sumer, destruction of Akkad
- 2200BC: The 4.2 kiloyear "Bond" event; aridification, cooling; empire collapse; cultural upheaval; mass migrations
- 2200BC: The 4.2 kiloyear "Bond" event; aridification, cooling; empire collapse; cultural upheaval; mass migrations
- 2181BC: First Intermediate Period of Egypt, Divided Egypt, famine, chaos
- 2112BC: Third Dynasty of Ur, Neo-Sumerian Empire, Law Code of Ur-Nammu
- 2112BC: Third Dynasty of Ur, Neo-Sumerian Empire, Law Code of Ur-Nammu
- 2100BC: Epic of Gilgamesh stories composed
- 2000BC: Srubna culture; along the N. shore of Black Sea; precursors of Cimmerians?
- 2000BC: Andronovo culture in W. Siberia, W. Asiatic steppes; early Indo-Aryans/Iranians; Cimmerians and Saka/Scythians; Thracians
- 1900BC: End of Harappan Civilization, floods, earthquakes
- 1806BC± 5y : Ipuwer Papyrus, turmoil, arrival of the Asiatics
- 1800BC: Tarim mummies; tall, red-haired Europoids in W. China
- 1700BC: Trzciniec culture of Eastern Europe develops around Łódź; spread to parts of Poland and Western Ukraine; from Corded Ware culture
- 1686BC± 50y : Early Divergent Strains of Yersinia pestis found in Kytmanovo, Russia
- 1650BC± 5y : Eruption of Thera, Collapse of Bronze Age Mediterranean civilization, Volcanic Winter around the World
- 1650BC: Tempest Stele with meteorological data erected by Pharaoh Ahmose, dates eruption of Thera
- 1600BC: The Tumulus culture dominates Central Europe
- 1570BC: Kassites rule of Babylon
- 1500BC: Kingdom of Mitanni aristocracy shows Indo-Aryan roots
- 1500BC: Yaz culture; early Iranian culture as described in Avesta; sky burial
- 1500BC: Karasuk culture; Central Asian steppes; advanced, industrial metal workers
- 1450BC: Kaskians, peoples living in mountainous Pontic Anatolia during Hittite times; unknown origins
- 1450BC: Linear B: syllabic script used for writing Mycenaean Greek
- 1300BC: Lusatian culture of Eastern Europe develops from preceding Trzciniec culture
- 1300BC: Urnfield Culture appears in Central Europe; grows out of Tumulus culture
- 1280BC: Canegrate Culture, Northern Italy; first migratory wave of the proto-Celts
- 1274BC: Battle of Kadesh and subsequent peace treaty
- 1250BC: Bryges or Briges related to Phrygians, migrated to Balkans from Lausitz culture of Poland
- 1200BC± 25y : Late Bronze Age collapse; almost every significant city in the eastern Mediterranean world destroyed
- 1190BC: Cities of Cyprus destroyed during Late Bronze Age collapse
- 1190BC: Syrian Cities destroyed in conflagration during collapse of the Late Bronze Age
- 1190BC± 25y : Mycenaean Greece perishes with the collapse of Bronze-Age culture in the eastern Mediterranean
- 1190BC: Syrian Cities destroyed in conflagration during collapse of the Late Bronze Age
- 1190BC± 20y : Cities of Anatolia destroyed during Late Bronze Age collapes; many never re-occupied
- 1189BC: Cities of the Levant destroyed by fire during Late Bronze Age collapse
- 1185BC: Areas in Mesopotamia that marginally survived Late Bronze Age collapse
- 1180BC: Hattusas burned to the ground; Hittite kingdom vanishes from the historical record
- 1180BC: Phrygians appear in historical record; migrate from southern Balkans to Anatolia upon collapse of Hittite empire
- 1180BC: Mushki appear in historical record, migrating from the West, following collapse of Late Bronze Age
- 1180BC: Phrygians appear in historical record; migrate from southern Balkans to Anatolia upon collapse of Hittite empire
- 1150BC: Collapse of the Terramare culture in northern Italy; settlements abandoned for several centuries
- 1114BC: Tiglath-Pileser I; made Assyria the leading power of the Middle East
- 1100BC: Latins: Indo-Europeans migrated to Italy after collapse of Bronze Age
- 1100BC: The Greek Dark Age following widespread collapse of Bronze Age civilization in the eastern Mediterranean
- 1100BC: Latins: Indo-Europeans migrated to Italy after collapse of Bronze Age
- 1070BC: Egyptian empire falls during Late Bronze Age collapse
- 1070BC: Egyptian empire falls during Late Bronze Age collapse
- 1021BC: Hekla 3 eruption causes 18 years of global cooling; tree ring and ice core evidence
- 1000BC: Ligures: earliest Indo-European speakers of the European West; direct descendants of Cro-Magnon?
- 1000BC: Ligures: earliest Indo-European speakers of the European West; direct descendants of Cro-Magnon?
- 1000BC: Ligures: earliest Indo-European speakers of the European West; direct descendants of Cro-Magnon?
- 1000BC: Ligures: earliest Indo-European speakers of the European West; direct descendants of Cro-Magnon?
- 950BC: Dorian invasion hypothesis becomes Dorian migration and settling after collapse of Bronze Age
- 900BC: Golasecca culture, Northern Italy
- 900BC: Kingdom of Tabal; neo-Hittite, Luwian speaking, south central Anatolia
- 900BC: Villanovan culture of central and northern Italy related to the Central European Urnfield culture
- 860BC: Urartu, Ararat, Vannic Kingdom, successor of the Late Bronze Age Hurrian state of Mitanni
- 800BC: Tagar culture south Siberia; bronze-smelting; Scythian circle
- 800BC: Hallstatt culture becomes predominant Central European culture; spread to western Iberian peninsula, Britain, and Ireland
- 771BC Mar. 28: Traditional Birth of Romulus, founder and King of Rome
- 763BC± 10y : War with Fidenae and Veii under Romulus
- 753BC Apr. 21: Founding of Rome
- 753BC Apr. 21: Founding of Rome
- 753BC Apr. 21: Founding of Rome
- 753BC Apr. 21: Founding of Rome
- 753BC Apr. 21: Founding of Rome
- 750BC: Homer
- 747BC: Beginning of Babylonian Chronicles; first step in development of ancient historiography
- 747BC: Reign of Nabonassar, King of Babylon
- 747BC: Beginning of Babylonian Astronomical Diaries recording 21 years of instability of the orbit of Venus
- 745BC: Tiglath-Pileser III siezes Assyrian throne
- 722BC: Sargon II usurps throne - 17 years of war and mass death
- 717BC Jul. 5: Solar eclipse, Descending cloud, blasts of wind and rain, disappearance/ascent of Romulus
- 717BC Jul. 5: Solar eclipse, Descending cloud, blasts of wind and rain, disappearance/ascent of Romulus
- 715BC: Reign of Numa Pompilius, second King of Rome
- 707BC: Numa Pompilius, pestilence
- 707BC: "Shield" falls from the sky during pestilence
- 705BC: Reign of Sennacherib, king of Assyria
- 701BC± 6y : Assyrian Siege of Jerusalem; a calamity has come down from the Lord
- 701BC± 6y : Assyrian Siege of Jerusalem; a calamity has come down from the Lord
- 701BC: Siege of Lachish
- 700BC: End of Villanovan, rise of Etruscan in Italy
- 700BC: Vestal Virgins; state supported priestesses
- 680BC: Archilochus: earliest known Greek author to compose almost entirely on the theme of his own emotions and experiences
- 673BC: Reign of Tullus Hostilius, third King of Rome
- 663BC± 5y : Second War with Fidenae and Veii, under Tullus Hostilius
- 657BC: Expulsion of the Bacchiadae from Corinth
- 642BC: Reign of Ancus Marcius, fourth King of Rome
- 640BC± 5m : First Latin War; Rome against the Latins; people captured and made citizens of Rome
- 624BC: Thales of Miletus philosopher and mathematician, one of the Seven Sages of Greece
- 616BC: Reign of Lucius Tarquinius Priscus, Tarquin the Elder, fifth King of Rome
- 612BC: Fall of Nineveh, Assyrian Empire collapses
- 610BC: Anaximander
- 600BC: The 1.4 kiloyear "Bond" event; mass migration period
- 600BC: The 1.4 kiloyear "Bond" event; mass migration period
- 588BC± 2m : Second Latin War; Rome acquires more territory
- 585BC: Anaximenes of Miletus
- 584BC May 28: First predicted solar eclipse, Thales of Miletus
- 580BC: Battle of the Sagra: Apparition of the Dioscuri
- 571BC Nov. 25: War with Veii and the Etruscans, under Servius Tullius
- 570BC: Pythagoras
- 570BC: Xenophanes
- 557BC May 19: Solar eclipse, Cyrus the Great captures Larissa
- 550BC: Lepontic Language
- 535BC: Heraclitus of Ephesus
- 522BC: Pindar
- 519BC: Cincinnatus, patrician opponent of justice and equality under the law
- 515BC: Parmenides of Elea
- 509BC: War with Veii and Tarquinii, after the overthrow of the monarchy in 509 BC
- 509BC: Horatius Cocles defends Rome at the Sublicius bridge against Etruscans, Lars Porsenna
- 508BC: Lars Porsena War between Clusium and Aricia; Rome acquires survivors as citizens
- 508BC: War with Etruscan Clusium; siege of Rome
- 508BC: Lars Porsena War between Clusium and Aricia; Rome acquires survivors as citizens
- 505BC: War between Rome and the Sabines/Etruscans
- 503BC: The Pometian revolt against Rome
- 501BC: Titus Lartius first Roman dictator
- 500BC: La Tène culture develops from Iron Age Hallstatt culture; Celtoi, Galli; expands to Hispania, Italy, the Balkans, Asia Minor
- 499BC± 4y : Battle of Lake Regillus; thirty cities revolt against Rome
- 499BC± 4y : Battle of Lake Regillus; thirty cities revolt against Rome
- 495BC: Volscian invasion; Rome's plebs refuse to fight without reforms and debt relief
- 495BC: Conflict of the Orders develops; political struggle between the Plebeians (commoners) and Patricians (aristocrats)
- 495BC: Volscian invasion; Rome's plebs refuse to fight without reforms and debt relief
- 495BC: Conflict of the Orders develops; political struggle between the Plebeians (commoners) and Patricians (aristocrats)
- 495BC: Conflict of the Orders develops; political struggle between the Plebeians (commoners) and Patricians (aristocrats)
- 494BC: Agitation of impoverished plebs; Titus Lartius unsuccessfully advocated measures to relieve the plebs from the burdens of debt
- 494BC Dec.: First Secession of the Plebs due to extreme debt and wealth/political inequality
- 493BC: Plebeian Council's authority recognized by Patricians (unwillingly)
- 493BC: Foedus Cassianum, military alliance between the Latin cities with Rome
- 492BC: First Persian Invasion of Greece
- 491BC: Gaius Marcius Coriolanus defects to the Volscii after enraging the patricians and plebeians
- 490BC: Empedocles formulates 4 elements and 2 powers of the cosmos
- 490BC: Zeno of Elea
- 490BC Sep. 12± 30d : Battle of Marathon
- 490BC: Protagoras, first relativist
- 486BC: Spurius Cassius Viscellinus authored agrarian law; accused of pandering to the masses and seeking kingship; executed
- 484BC: Herodotus
- 483BC: Following a series of portents the vestal virgin Oppia/Opimia was found guilty of a breach of chastity; buried alive
- 483BC: The Fabian war with Veii
- 480BC Aug. 13: Battle of Artemisium: 1/3 of Persian fleet destroyed by 3 day storm
- 480BC Sep.: Battle of Salamis between Persians and Greeks; Xerxes, Themistocles,
- 480BC (Spr.): Second Persian Invasion of Greece
- 480BC: Leucippus
- 479BC Aug.: Battle of Plataea
- 477BC: Battle of the Cremera; 306 men of the Fabii gens sacrificed by the Veientes.
- 471BC: Change in law of tribune elections to eliminate aristocratic manipulation
- 470BC: Socrates
- 466BC± 1y : Meteorite falls at Aegospotami while bright comet is passing; Halley
- 462BC: Gaius Terentilius Harsa, plebeian tribune and advocate of formal law code for all
- 460BC: Democritus, philosopher
- 460BC: Riots in Rome over constitutional reforms, abuses of the aristocracy; exile of Caeso Quinctius
- 450BC: Second Secession of the Plebs due to abuse of power by the decemviri; demanded restoration of plebeian tribune power and right of appeal
- 449BC: Kidnapping and death of Verginia and overthrow of the decemviri
- 449BC: Herodotus Writes The Histories
- 446BC: Marcus Furius Camillus: longest-reigning Roman dictator until Sulla and Caesar; passed Lex Licinia under pressure
- 445BC: Third Secession of the Plebs demanding rights to consulship and marriage between patricians and plebeians: Lex de conubio patrum et plebis
- 445BC: Third Secession of the Plebs demanding rights to consulship and marriage between patricians and plebeians: Lex de conubio patrum et plebis
- 440BC: Heraclitus, Early Stoicism
- 439BC: Spurius Maelius, advocate for the people, falsely accused and assassinated by Gaius Servilius Ahala
- 437BC: King of Veii executes Roman envoys; Aulus Cornelius Cossus kills him in single combat
- 430BC: Xenophon
- 428BC: Plato
- 413BC Aug. 27: Lunar eclipse caused Nicias to delay abandoning the siege of Syracuse leading to destruction of Athenian forces
- 413BC Sep. 13: Escaping Athenians caught in torrential rain and massacred; End of the Sicilian Expedition
- 405BC: Battle of Aegospotami, obliteration of Athenian navy, end of Peloponnesian War
- 404BC (Win.): Heavy snowstorm associated with the Battle of Phyle
- 399BC: First lectisternum held in Rome - banquest to appease the gods
- 397BC: Siege of Syracuse by Carthaginians
- 390BC± 3y : Gallic invasion of Rome, Battle of the Allia
- 389BC: Etruscans, the Volsci and the Aequi unite against Rome: Marcus Furius Camillus dictator
- 386BC: Defection of the Latins from Rome, Volscians help the Antiates invade the Pomptine territory
- 384BC: Marcus Manlius Capitolinus martyred - thrown off the Tarpeian Rock - for trying to help the poor
- 383BC: Pestilence in Rome
- 382BC: War between Rome and Praeneste
- 381BC: Roman annexation of Tusculum
- 381BC: M. Furius Camillus' victory at Satricum
- 380BC: Dictatorship of T. Quinctius Cincinnatus; capture of Praeneste and nine towns
- 380BC: Dictatorship of T. Quinctius Cincinnatus; capture of Praeneste and nine towns
- 378BC: Invasion of Volscii; revolt of plebs against patricians in Rome; Romans plunder Volscii territory
- 377BC: Defeat of Antium and destruction of Satricum
- 377BC: Voice heard from temple of Mater Matuta during burning of Satricum
- 377BC: Battle of Satricum interrupted by severe rainstorm
- 375BC± 5y : Period of anarchy in Rome
- 367BC: Lex Licinia Sextia passed to modify Roman patrician monopoly on power; abolish all forms of discrimination against the plebeians
- 367BC: Lex Licinia Sextia passed to modify Roman patrician monopoly on power; abolish all forms of discrimination against the plebeians
- 365BC: Deadly pestilence strikes Rome killing many important people including Camillus
- 361BC: Titus Manlius Torquatus single combat with gigantic Gaul - David and Goliath type story
- 360BC: Rome defeats coalition of Tiburtes and Gauls; Q. Servilius Ahala allegedly appointed dictator
- 359BC: War with Tarquinii, Falerii and Caere; 307 Romans sacrificed by the Tarquinienses
- 358BC: Renewal of treaty between Rome and the Latins; invasion by Gauls; C. Sulpicius Peticus appointed dictator, defeats Gauls
- 357BC: Privernum and Velitrae raid Roman territory; Gaius Marcius Rutilus defends successfully
- 356BC Jul. 20: Alexander III of Macedon, the Great
- 354BC: End of the early Latin Wars; Rome prevails
- 350BC: Diocles of Peparethus, author of earliest known Roman history
- 346BC: Second Defeat of Antium and destruction of Satricum
- 345BC: Timaeus of Tauromenium
- 345BC: Romans capture Volscian town, Sora
- 343BC: First Samnite War
- 341BC: Epicurus
- 340BC: Latin War, Battle of Vesuvius, duel of Titus Manlius, Devotio of Decius Mus
- 340BC: Latin War, Battle of Vesuvius, duel of Titus Manlius, Devotio of Decius Mus
- 340BC: Latin War, Battle of Vesuvius, duel of Titus Manlius, Devotio of Decius Mus
- 334BC: Zeno of Citium, founder of Stoicism
- 332BC: Alexander's Siege of Tyre
- 331BC Oct. 1: Battle of Arbela or Gaugamela, death of Darius, end of Persian Empire
- 326BC: Second Samnite War, Roman expansion
- 321BC: Battle of the Caudine Forks, humiliation of the Romans by Samnites
- 316BC: Arcesilaus, founder of the Middle Academy and Academic skepticism; opposed Stoics
- 310BC: Callimachus, catalogued the library at Alexandria
- 310BC: Apollonius of Rhodes, author of the Argonautica, librarian at Alexandria, Homeric scholar
- 310BC: Battle of Lake Vadimo; Romans vs. Etruscans; Rome acquires more territory
- 305BC: Battle of Bovianum, end of second Samnite War, Rome acquires more territory
- 300BC: Aristo of Chios, stoic and companion of Zeno of Citium
- 299BC: Valerian law allowed a Roman citizen, condemned by a magistrate to death or scourging, the right of appeal to the people
- 298BC: Etruscans and Gauls invade Rome, Battle of Volterra
- 298BC: Third Samnite War, peoples of Italy unite against Rome
- 293BC: Battle of Aquilonia; Romans vs. Samnites
- 291BC: Capture and colonization of Venusia by Romans
- 289BC: Archimedes: mathematician, physicist, engineer, inventor, and astronomer
- 287BC: Lex Hortensia final result of the long class struggle between patricians and plebeians
- 287BC: Lex Hortensia final result of the long class struggle between patricians and plebeians
- 280BC: Fabius Maximus Cunctator: father of guerrilla warfare; five times consul, two times dictator
- 280BC May: Pyrrhic War
- 279BC: Gallic invasion of Greece, Battle of Thermopylae
- 279BC (Win.): Earthquake during Gallic invasion of Greece; thunderbolts and rocks fall from Parnassus
- 278BC: Ptolemy III Euergetes, first known example of decrees published as bilingual inscriptions, invented leap years, builder of the Serapeum, expanded the Alexandrian library
- 277BC: Gallic army destroyed by furies and ghosts; Battle of Lysimachia
- 276BC: Eratosthenes of Cyrene
- 270BC: Quintus Fabius Pictor, earliest Roman historian
- 268BC: Marcus Claudius Marcellus, five times consul; Gallic War, Punic War, killed Viridomarus in single combat; responsible for death of Archimedes
- 264BC: First Punic War
- 262BC: Ptolemy IV Philopator, builder of largest human-powered vessel ever built, major antagonist of 3 Maccabees
- 247BC: Hannibal: one of the greatest military commanders in history
- 238BC: Philip V of Macedon
- 236BC: Scipio Africanus: never lost a battle; first Roman general to expand Roman territories outside Italy; hated by Cato the Elder; grandfather of the Gracchi
- 234BC: Cato the Elder
- 233BC: Manius Acilius Glabrio (consul 191 BC): defeated Antiochus III at the Battle of Thermopylae
- 230BC: Aemilia Tertia AKA Aemilia Paulla; grandmother of the Gracchi, great grandmother of Fulvia
- 226BC± 5y : Eruption of Methana volcano, Greece
- 222BC: Reign of Antiochus III the Great
- 218BC Dec. 21: Battle of the Trebia, Roman army massacred by Hannibal
- 218BC: Hannibal crosses the Alps into Italy: Battle of Ticinus
- 218BC: Second Punic War
- 217BC Jun. 24: Battle of Lake Trasimene; Hannibal massacres Roman army
- 217BC Jun. 22: Battle of Raphia: Ptolemy IV Philopator of Egypt vs Antiochus III; one of the largest battles of the ancient world
- 216BC: Lucius Aemilius Paullus (consul 219, 216 BC):shared command with Varro at the Battle of Cannae, killed in battle
- 216BC Aug. 2: Battle of Cannae, Roman army massacred by Hannibal
- 215BC: Lex Oppia: law against luxury and extravagance also oppression of women's rights to property and dress
- 214BC: Siege of Syracuse, Death of Archimedes
- 214BC: First Macedonian War
- 207BC: Battle of Metaurus: Gaius Claudius Nero (consul 207 BC) & Marcus Livius Salinator defeated (and killed) Hasdrubal
- 207BC: Battle of Metaurus: Gaius Claudius Nero (consul 207 BC) & Marcus Livius Salinator defeated (and killed) Hasdrubal
- 204BC: Reign of Ptolemy V Epiphanes; Rosetta Stone
- 202BC Oct. 19: Battle of Zama, Scipio Africanus vs Hannibal
- 200BC: Second Macedonian War fought between Philip V of Macedon, and Rome
- 200BC: Eratosthenes of Cyrene accurately calculates the circumference of the Earth
- 199BC: Lex Porcia I: extended the right to provocatio (appeal) to locations outside of Rome
- 196BC: Second Macedonian War
- 195BC: Lex Porcia II: right of Roman citizen to appeal a sentence of flogging
- 195BC: Repeal of Lex Oppia after mass demonstrations by the women of Rome
- 192BC: Roman-Seleucid War, Treaty of Apamea
- 192BC: Roman-Seleucid War, Treaty of Apamea
- 191BC: Battle of Thermopylae: Rome vs. Antiochus III
- 191BC: Lex Acilia de intercalando: authorized the pontifices to decree an intercalary period in order to prevent seasonal drift
- 190BC: Battle of Magnesia: Rome vs Antiochus III
- 185BC: Scipio Aemilianus: destroyer of Carthage, opponent of the Gracchi, murder victim
- 184BC: Lex Porcia III: severe penalties for magistrates who refuse to grant provocatio (appeal)
- 171BC: Third Macedonian War between Rome and King Perseus of Macedon
- 171BC: Third Macedonian War between Rome and King Perseus of Macedon
- 168BC Jun. 22: Battle of Pydna: Lucius Aemilius Paullus and Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica Corculum against Perseus of Macedon
- 168BC Jun. 22: Battle of Pydna: Lucius Aemilius Paullus and Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica Corculum against Perseus of Macedon
- 160BC: Mnesarchus of Athens; leader of the Stoic school
- 157BC: Gaius Marius, general, consul, uncle and role model of Julius Caesar
- 146BC: Destruction of Corinth
- 146BC: Complete destruction of the city of Carthage by Scipio Aemilianus; Rome flooded with slaves
- 146BC (Spr.): Third Punic War, Siege of Carthage
- 143BC: Heavy snowfall in Syria/Palestine during Maccabean Revolt
- 135BC: Eunus and the First Servile War against Rome
- 135BC: Mithridates VI of Pontus
- 135BC: Eunus and the First Servile War against Rome
- 133BC: Murder of Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus: sought agrarian reforms to transfer wealth from the wealthy, patricians and otherwise, to the poor.
- 133BC: Optimates and Populares solidify their positions in respect of the Gracchi
- 133BC: Optimates and Populares solidify their positions in respect of the Gracchi
- 133BC: Murder of Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus: sought agrarian reforms to transfer wealth from the wealthy, patricians and otherwise, to the poor.
- 132BC: Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica Serapio: murdered his cousin, Tiberius Gracchus; himself murdered by supporters of the Gracchi
- 125BC: Antiochus of Ascalon; Middle Platonism
- 121BC: Gaius Sempronius Gracchus murdered by Roman Senate
- 121BC: Death of Marcus Fulvius Flaccus (consul 125 BC): ally of the Gracchi
- 121BC: Lucius Opimius (consul 121 BC) ordered the extralegal executions of 3000 supporters of Gaius Gracchus
- 120BC: Aurelia Cotta, mother of Julius Caesar; ideal Roman matron
- 120BC± 6y : The Cymbrian Flood; Jutland penninsula
- 120BC: Establishment of senatus consultum ultimum in Roman constitutional practice; tool used for oppression
- 118BC: Lucius Licinius Lucullus; fought Third Mithridatic War; gastronome, "Xerxes in a toga"
- 116BC: Marcus Terentius Varro Reatinus; the most learned of the Romans; Varronian chronology
- 115BC: Thunderbolt strikes temple of Juno during consulship of Marcus Aemilius Scaurus
- 114BC± 1y : Vestal Virgins Aemilia, Licinia, and Martia buried alive for unchastity
- 112BC: Jugurthine War
- 110BC: Titus Pomponius Atticus; friend, correspondent, and publisher of Cicero
- 105BC: Quintus Servilius Caepio plunders the temples of Tolosa and then loses entire Roman army in Battle of Arausio
- 105BC Oct. 6: Battle of Arausio: catastrophic loss of entire Roman army caused by Quintus Servilius Caepio
- 104BC: Second Servile War; Gaius Marius
- 104BC: Servilia Caepionis: mistress of Julius Caesar, mother of Brutus, half-sister of Cato the Younger
- 102BC: Battle of Aquae Sextiae
- 101BC: Battle of Vercellae
- 100BC Dec.: Gaius Memmius "a man fiercely hostile to the power of the nobles" murdered during consular elections
- 100BC± 10y : Marcus Aemilius Scaurus (praetor 56 BC); massacres in Judea mentioned in the Dead Sea scrolls
- 100BC: Saturninus: popularist reformer proposes land reform using Tolosan gold; murdered by mob of aristocrats
- 100BC: Early compositions of Jewish Sibylline Oracles in Alexandria
- 100BC Jul. 12± 2y : Gaius Julius Caesar, Birth, GJC Era
- 100BC: Saturninus: popularist reformer proposes land reform using Tolosan gold; murdered by mob of aristocrats
- 95BC: Lex Licinia Mucia passed ejecting non-citizens from Rome or prosecuting 'false citizens'; triggered Social War
- 95BC: Lex Licinia Mucia passed ejecting non-citizens from Rome or prosecuting 'false citizens'; triggered Social War
- 95BC± 5y : Mucia Tertia: wife of Gaius Marius minor, Pompeius Magnus, Marcus Aemilius Scaurus; mother of Sextus Pompeius
- 91BC (Spr.): Roman Social War (91–88 BC)
- 89BC: First Mithridatic War; Kingdom of Pontus and many Greek cities rebelled against Rome
- 88BC May: Massacre of Romans & Italici in Asia by Mithridates
- 88BC: Sulla's First Civil War
- 87BC: Marcus Antonius (consul 99 BC); executed by Marius and Cinna
- 86BC: Battle of Chaeronea; Sulla over Archelaus
- 86BC: Lucius Cornelius Cinna: Domination of Cinna
- 86BC Feb. 12: Sulla's siege of Athens
- 85BC: Battle of Orchomenus; Sulla over Archelaus; Sulla's settlement
- 85BC: Battle of Orchomenus; Sulla over Archelaus; Sulla's settlement
- 83BC: Battle of Mount Tifata; First Roman Civil War
- 83BC: Rebellion in Spain: Quintus Sertorius, popularist general
- 82BC: Civil war: Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix, dictator of Rome
- 82BC: Sulla's second civil war
- 82BC Nov.: Battle of the Colline Gate; Samnites and Populares slaughtered by Sulla
- 82BC: Marcus Marius Gratidianus: popularist reformer and human sacrifice martyr during Sullan proscriptions
- 82BC: Proscriptions of Sulla
- 81BC: Sulla's dictatorship and reforms
- 78BC: Marcus Aemilius Lepidus (consul 78 BC), turned against Sulla and became Popularist rebel and revolutionary
- 76BC: In the western sky, comet with a terrible glare during the consulship of Gnaeus Octavius
- 73BC: Third Mithridatic War; Rome vs Mithridates VI
- 73BC: Fabia, chief Vestal acquitted of incestum with Lucius Sergius Catilina.
- 66BC: Gaius Licinius Macer: annalist, people's rights activist; defamed, prosecuted and ruined by Cicero, commits suicide
- 64BC: Titus Livius, historian of Rome
- 64BC: Lucius Julius Caesar, consul 64 BC; cousin and supporter of Julius Caesar; tried Gaius Rabirius
- 63BC: Junia Tertia born, daughter of Julius Caesar? Wife of assassin Gaius Cassius Longinus
- 63BC Mar.: The trial of Gaius Rabirius (senator): involved in the death of Lucius Appuleius Saturninus
- 63BC Sep. 23: Birth of Gaius Octavius, future 1st emperor of Rome; Imperātor Caesar Dīvī Fīlius Augustus
- 63BC Mar.: The trial of Gaius Rabirius (senator): involved in the death of Lucius Appuleius Saturninus
- 63BC Dec. 5: Publius Cornelius Lentulus Sura: executed by Cicero as a "Catilinarian Conspirator"
- 63BC Jan.: Marcus Tullius Cicero takes up his consulship
- 63BC Jan.: Marcus Tullius Cicero takes up his consulship
- 62BC Jan.: Lucius Sergius Catilina killed at the Battle of Pistoria
- 62BC Jan.: Lucius Sergius Catilina killed at the Battle of Pistoria
- 60BC: Lucius Afranius, consul 60 BC
- 60BC: Quintus Metellus Celer, consul 60 BC; Gaius Asinius Pollio, dated the start of the Civil Wars to this year
- 59BC: Calpurnia Piso, marries Julius Caesar
- 59BC: Gaius Antonius Hybrida (the monster) co-consul with Cicero; prosecuted and exiled for taking part in the Catilinarian conspiracy
- 59BC: Clodia Metelli Quadrantaria; sister of Publius Clodius Pulcher, enemy of Cicero; suspected of poisoning her husband, Metellus Celer
- 58BC: Lucius Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus, consul 58 BC, father-in-law of Julius Caesar
- 57BC: Aulus Gabinius, (consul 58 BC) proconsul of Syria (57 BC); supporter of both Pompey and Caesar
- 53BC: Marcus Licinius Crassus: wealthiest man in Roman history; patron of Julius Caesar; defeated and killed by Parthians
- 52BC (Spr.): Battle of Gergovia: Julius Caesar vs Vercingetorix; the Gauls won
- 52BC Jan. 18: Titus Annius Milo Papianus murders Clodius triggering anarchy in Rome
- 52BC: Assassination of Popularist Publius Clodius Pulcher by Milo; mob violence overtakes Rome; Pompey takes charge
- 52BC Sep.: Vercingetorix defeated at the battle of Alesia
- 52BC: Fulvia: first Roman non-mythological woman to appear on Roman coins; appears in records at death of Clodius, her 1st husband
- 51BC: Marcus Claudius Marcellus, consul 51 BC, optimate; urged extreme measures against Caesar; had a senator of Comum scourged
- 51BC: Servius Sulpicius Rufus, consul 51 BC; opposed Caesar, later honored by Caesar
- 50BC: It rained wool in the vicinity of Compsa Castle; rained bricks
- 50BC: Gaius Claudius Marcellus Minor, consul 50 BC, opposed Caesar; was later pardoned
- 50BC: Lucius Aemilius Lepidus Paullus (consul 50 BC); destroyed the temples of Isis and Serapis by Senate decree
- 49BC: Titus Labienus, traitor to Caesar
- 49BC: Death of Curio, supporter of Caesar, husband of Fulvia
- 49BC: Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Cornelianus Scipio Nasica: 'personally despicable... politically reactionary'; triggered war with Caesar
- 49BC: Gaius Claudius Marcellus Maior, consul 49 BC, opponent of Caesar; started civil war; fled Rome with Pompeius
- 49BC: Gaius Scribonius Curio defeated by Juba, along with aid from Attius Varus, at the Second Battle of the Bagradas River
- 49BC: Lucius Cornelius Lentulus Crus, consul 49 BC, triggered civil war; fled Rome
- 48BC Sep. 29: Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus murdered by servants of Ptolemy XIII
- 48BC Aug. 9: Battle of Pharsalus; Julius Caesar defeats Pompeius Magnus
- 48BC Sep. 29: Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus murdered by servants of Ptolemy XIII
- 48BC: Death of Milo, murderer of Clodius; at Compsa Castle, site of prodigies the previous years
- 48BC: Death of Marcus Caelius Rufus in rebellion against Caesar
- 48BC: Battle of Ruspina: Caesar vs. Titus Labienus, the traitor
- 47BC± 1y : Terentia, wife of Cicero, divorces him possibly because she was a supporter of Caesar
- 46BC Apr.: Death of Cato the Younger, sworn enemy of Caesar
- 46BC Feb. 7: Battle of Thapsus: Caesar vs Optimates/Metellus Scipio
- 45BC: Caecilia Metella wife of Publius Cornelius Lentulus Spinther; affair with Publius Cornelius Dolabella; divorce scandal
- 45BC Apr. 12: Death of Gnaeus Pompeius the younger; executed by Lucius Caesennius Lento for treason
- 45BC: Claudia Pulchra Major, first wife of Brutus, divorced by him to marry Porcia Catonis
- 45BC Mar. 17: Battle of Munda; Caesar fights for his life among the ranks
- 45BC: Porcia Catonis, daughter of Cato the Younger, marries Brutus the assassin
- 44BC Mar. 13: Assassination of Julius Caesar, the archetypal model of the passion of Jesus Christ
- 43BC: Servius Sulpicius Galba, friend, legate and assassin of Julius Caesar; condemned by Pedian law
- 43BC: Lucius Cornelius Balbus minor; served under Julius Caesar; 43 BC quaestor to Asinius Pollio
- 42BC Oct. 23: Suicide death of Marcus Junius Brutus the Younger, leading assassin of Julius Caesar
- 42BC: Servilius Casca, one of Caesar's assassins
- 42BC Oct. 3: Death of Gaius Cassius Longinus: leader of the assassination plot against Julius Caesar
- 40BC: Gaius Asinius Pollio, consul 40 BC; friend of Caesar and Antony; historian, literary patron
- 40BC: Publius Ventidius Bassus; protege of Caesar; defeated Quintus Labienus and the Parthians
- 39BC: Death of Quintus Labienus: traitor to Caesar and to Rome
- 35BC: Sextus Pompeius Magnus Pius: executed without trial by order of Antony via Marcus Titius
- 31BC Sep. 2: Battle of Actium
- 30BC Aug. 1: Death of Marcus Antonius, supporter of Julius Caesar
- 30BC Aug. 12: Death of Cleopatra VII Philopator, Queen of Egypt, mistress/wife of Marcus Antonius
- 29BC: A pestilential disease carries off the greatest part of the multitude
- 24BC± 1y : Famine in Syria: People eat many things that did not used to be eaten
- 13BC: Death of Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, supporter of Caesar, triumvir with Antony and Octavian
- 14AD Aug. 19: Death of Augustus
- 250AD: War between Emperor Decius' Romans and the Goths around Philippopolis
- 250AD: War between Emperor Decius' Romans and the Goths around Philippopolis
- 394AD: College of the Vestals was disbanded and the sacred fire extinguished
- 546AD Dec. 17: Sack of Rome by Totila
- 630AD: Many Northern Italian cities are destroyed and razed
- 636AD Aug. 15± 6d : Before the Battle of Yarmouk, 52.000 in the army of Heraclius die "by the sword of God"
- 642AD± 1y : Chalon is burnt to the ground